Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary

There has been a long debate about the Constitutionality of paid force chaplains. Is thither a legal basis for such or is it a mere supposition? Does the government stick out a legitimate and legal basis to pay chaplains for their services or is it doing so just because and is getting forward with it? Could it be legally challenged and d atomic number 53 away with? These are the questions. The First Amendment of the Bill of Rights to the United States Constitution is the legal basis of the military chaplaincy. Here is how.The First Amendment states congress shall make no equity respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the flock peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The amendment is generally viewed as being composed of two separate clauses the foundation Clause and the Free calculate Clause. Each of these clauses is designed to protect those fundamental human rights which are so foundational to the ideals of our nation life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.There are many references to the military chaplaincies as legitimate exceptions to the Establishment Clause because they provide the right of free exercise of religion that is equally guaranteed under the First Amendment. It is this most important point that the chaplaincy clearly provides the military with a constitutional function, the free exercise of religion. The legal debate over paid chaplains sits on slightly(prenominal) clauses of the First Amendment 1) Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, 2) or prohibiting the free exercise thereofDescribe your understanding of praying in Jesus Name. I have been fortunate in that I have non experienced any direct pressure in regards to praying in Jesus name. However, during public prayer in which soldiers are required to be in attendance, I always make the statement A s I pray in my tradition, I encourage you to prayer in yours. This should be a cat valium statement among chaplains. Generally speaking, it is not soldiers of otherwise faith traditions that are offended by prayers in Jesusname, it is usually soldiers of no faith tradition whatsoever.Furthermore, although there are stories of sacred persecution on both sides of the issue (Religious soldiers and Non- Religious soldiers), these issues have a tendency to be very allocated and reflect the particular command milieu that the Chaplain is serving under. This is a very troubling issue and the best resolve is the development of a healthy kind between the Chaplain and the Command in which the chaplain has the probability to advise the commander on these complicated issues. In reality, this can become quite complicated and some commanders have strong views on this topic (on both sides of the argument).Is it worth derailing many years of representing Christ to soldiers over the particular views of one commander? I would suggest that sometimes it is prudent to just get in the basket and go over the wall. Finally, I also understand that Chaplains and Chaplain Candidates like myself, that pray Christian prayers should be prepared to hear and support the right of Judaic and Muslim Chaplains to pray in their particular tradition as well. Finally, describe your understanding of the Dont Ask, Dont Tell Policy and other issues of which you may be concerned.According to the Dont Ask Dont Tell repeal, service members will not be involuntarily separated for licit homosexual conduct. Sexual orientation remains a personal and private matter. Sexual orientation and lawful homosexual conduct (statements, acts or same-sex marriage) are not a basis for separation, reassignment or special consideration. Sailors may inform others of their sexual orientation at their own discretion. In fact, the Department of Defense will not ask service members to identify their sexual orientation.T he Department of Defense will not collect or maintain data on an individuals sexual orientation. This Department of Defense policy on sexual orientation applies equally to all members of the Active, Reserve, and National Guard components of the military. With that being said, what does this mean in relationship to providing worship and counseling services to men and women who can now be open with their lifestyle. Chaplains will continue to have the very same freedom to habituate their religion according to the tenets of their faith.In the context of their religious ministry, chaplains are not required to take actions that are inconsistent with their religious beliefs (e. g. , altering the content of sermons or religious counseling, sharing a pulpit with other chaplains or modifying forms of prayer or worship). However, when it comes to ministering to someone who is a homosexual, I feel that it is the pastors or chaplains duty to do so. The Title pastor suggests two functions of chu rch leaders so designated nurturing and guidance.The nurturing aspect includes the general Christian responsibility of showing compassion for others, further his responsibility is accentuated because a pastor must set the example. Pastors or Chaplains must indeed set the example. Homosexual or not, that person who seeks counsel is still one of Gods children only in a fallen state. Then again, arent we all? We are all still a work in progress. There isnt a human being on this Earth that has defeated sin or struggle with sin. So I think some compassion is warranted when it comes to ministering to homosexuals.

Book Report on `A Young Woman’s Mathematical Journey In Code

They say just ab out(p) argon born dandy, some achieve immenseness and some perplex greatness thrust upon them. In case of Sarah, did she achieve greatness? The answer to this question is twain yes and no How she provoke achieve greatness, where was the time for it?She was that sixteen, a tender age non til now untroubled enough to f every(prenominal) in love, and however the word great was firmly implanted on her. Was greatness thrust upon her? The answer to this question is firm No The constituent of the statement that befits her is that she is born great. Her illustrious numeral journey had arrived at the sterling landmark at that boyish age.This work is both knowledge and enjoyment. The flair of the students comes to the fore at the Undergraduate and University levels. That is the time when the professors spot the intelligent, brilliant and the brilliant among the brilliant students. But Sarahs extraordinary brilliance must stir been spotted when she was in the kindergarten. This is so, be causal agent, her laminitis was a ren proclaimed Professor of Mathematics.Academic studies do emergence for students deal Sarah, but such(prenominal)(prenominal) genius children invariably study in the College of Self-Education, where their genius is their Principal. Their initiative, their Professors Their hard work, their tutors They argon ambitious and industrious. They decide upon a device start, act and finish.The eldest among five children, Flannery went to proud school at Scoil Mhuire Gan Smal in Blarney, where she gave a science fair presentation on cryptanalytics. In researching RSA encoding, she created her own encryption algorithm, which earned her an Esat Young Scientist Exhibition and later an Intel Fellows Achievement Award.She went to college at the University of Cambridge, graduating in 2003 with a course in computer engineering. at iodin time she works for American video game developer Electronic Arts.(Planet)In brief, what the bulk is slightly.This hold back is the mathematicians delight. How the solid issuing like maths, can be interspersed with humor. Her psychiatric hospital to the guard itself fascinates and kindles curiosity. By reading it, you existentize why she attained instant fame which she lavishly deserves.In introduction she gives details astir(predicate) public-key noughty, the RSA algorithm and the alternate algorithm that she created. The lucid style and control on the language required to deal with numeric translations is the strong point of the take for.Genius has nonhing to do with the age. Therefore, forget for a while that a teenager is the source of the curb, yet you can not forget that lovely and inspiring face of the author in the occur up page of the book Unless known in advance, you get reveal arise it difficult to imagine that she is the owner of such a brilliant brain. You probably think that this book is the creation of an experienced Professor, wel l researched from a persistent list of bibliography.The book begins in an orthodox style. Instead of saying something round the author straighta charge, the book gives comment with pages of family background. That again is about maths, because her father was the Professor of mathematics. A long section, backupd, Early Ch everyenges follows. This is where the challenges for the contributors are thrown. They are recollections of her past.The relate of about a dozen disturbs is do. She owned them from her father, told for the benefit of Sarah and her brothers. David Flannery, their father was the mentor of mathematics as well. The rendering for each puzzle is given over along with an invitation for the reader to try to solve the same, before trying to fold up the solution provided in the book elsewhere. Your chances of victory are not very bright. A black-board in the dine roomThat is bound to happen when you have four sons and a daughter, all interested in the unspoilt s tudy of mathematics. On the blackboard, saucily puzzle was recorded each day for them to work on. Like, Given a five-liter jar and a three-liter jar and an unlimited supply of water, how do you measure out four liters just?Some got into much difficult concepts How might you determine the average earnings of a group of concourse in a room (at a class reunion, perhaps) without any individuals divulging his or her salary? the second puzzle has the latent nitty-gritty, which forms part of the theme all through the book.That is to try getting information and hiding information. With such intelligent invitations the readers become part of the proceedings in the book. It is no effort to score over the reader but to win the reader in a positive style. It is to encourage him, and no to affront wizard with the exhibition of intelligence. Those who think that this is a book on the candid of mathematics which is bound to have the respectable start will have peasant surprise to be greeted with mind-boggling puzzles.Fame and Publicity and there subsequently.She trus devilrthy instant fame, became a celebrity in mathematics overnight, but she was humble about her achievements. Here she speaks beyond her age refuses to expand like the balloon with inflated ego. I have no doubt that I am not a genius,she declares.I am not being falsely modest. Through my fathers classes I have seen examples of true genius and I know I do not let that insight that distinguishes geniuses from those regarded as merely intelligent.(p. 243). Those who read the book were sure about her impending success in the world of mathematics. She was the worthy mathematics daughter of a worthy mathematics Professor.Next to puzzles.She attempts the most authoritative aspect of the effect of mathematics problems that take her to the position and fame sky-rocketing. long she is a world-figure as for mathematics. The subject matter for any national level competition has got to be the unique one. She wa s to enter the Esat Irish Young Scientists Compettion-1998.The project on steganography was done by her at the suggestion and instance of her father. Her project will throw light on various cryptographic techniques, providing the account of the noteworthy RSA algorithm. The mention and discussion of all these things is initiated at page 40 of the book, she discuses learning the relevant mathematics and the programming involved.Then her father takes over the numerical literature for the next 110 pages, and you catch up with Sarah again in page design 150.These pages give up numeral exposition authored by David Flannery. They provide the basics of cryptography, and to belowstand it, is not the easiest of the propositions. He introduces thoroughly RSA algorithms at this stage.When Sarah takes over at page subjugate 150, she is at the threshold of the fame that is about to engulf her unripened personality. She gets horrific response for her project that fetches her several priz es, and she is inspired to prepare for another ambitious and prestigious entry the Rafe Jones at Brown University.She is on the second quality of the ladder of success. She undergoes a week-long internship at a Dublin cryptography company, and notices several techniques. Thereafter, she devises an alternative algorithm to the RSA and that is the flagship issue of her freshly project.The results achieved by her are astounding. Her method is uncomplicated ground substance multiplication instead of the relatively cumbersome modular exponentiation of the RSA. Her algorithm runs twenty times faster. It is christened by her as the Cayley Purser algorithm, the 19th century British mathematician Arthur Cayley as excessively Michael Purser, the mathematician whose ideas caught her imagination during her internship.She runs in to the thick of the issues now-she proves how the new algorithm is secure from certain kinds of flak catchers and it becomes the mathematical odyssey for her, whe rein she is required to explore and master the cobweb of not excessively familiar mathematics. Such a station is the testing time for any student of mathematics.It was probing the new waters for the first time with lots of hopes of positive results, but also with the fear of disappointment, should anything go prostitute, at the most unsuspected irregular. Mathematics is such a subject where there is no scope for errors. You have got to be accurate, as otherwise the unit edifice built by you step by step will collapse.All of this was an unusual experience for me, she pull throughs, but I had a great feeling of excitement. I think it was because I was working on something that no one had worked on before. I worked constantly for whole days on end, and it was exhilarating (p. 208).To get the worthy solution, you need to have a strong problem. That was the situation Sarah, luckily found she in. The thesis problem provided lots of enthusiasm to her to go ahead. With the nettization of the thesis problem, she considered her to be lucky.The problem was of her creation and she was bent upon to own the responsibility to solve it herself. She began to put extra efforts and worked desperately to find the authentic solution.She reaped the dividends for her sincere efforts, she was capable to prove that Cayley Purser algorithm had strong defenses and it can withstand successfully attack from a large family. She provides the detailed description to judge her new project, both algorithm and proof, in the 1999 Irish Young Scientist competition.An inventive mind is always excited about any new achievement-you decide on a problem for you and then solve it successfully. Same was the case with Sarah.When you smell success, when you have positive indications that you are nearing solution, the excitement is all the more. At that stage Sarah burnt the midnight oil to continue her sincere efforts. Success had to kneel before her she showed the strong defense for the Cayley-Pur ser algorithm in the face of multi-pronged family attacks. She gives the detailed account, step by step, how her project needs to be judged, and the related explanation for the algorithm, with unassailable proofs.In the 1999 Irish Young Scientists Competition., she quotes from her journal, On one occasion, she writes, I tactual sensationed out of our little huddle and it felt really strangeour conversation was so very graphic that just to look around was like coming up for air (p. 222). The finest moment of her judging was, she writes in the beginning they left, the judge asked me the simplest question of all, and I could see he was wondering whether or not I would be able to answer it.The answer was the fast exponentiation algorithm, and I must have smiled before I replied, because I knew it was the perfect end to the perfect session. I had been able to defend my project at all levels. The withstand question was a check to see if I knew the fundamentals. They smiled at each othe r on my final answer, which Ill never forget. (p. 223).It was the perfect culmination. The excitement was about how gracefully Sarah walked up to the stage to accept the title of Irish Young Scientist of the Year. It was one of the extraordinary moments of her life. The jinx of youth was on her side.And the algorithm she talked held excellent possible action of rich dividends. The inquisitive media s similarlyd alerted and the unexpected bonus arrived, when London Times front-paged an article on her mathematical exploits. Overnight she entered the portals of stardom in mathematics. It did not take long time to transform her academic achievements towards the commercial gain.The would-be cryptograph entrepreneurs were seeking her services. She suckd many finish offers to give lectures in Singapore. Mention of her name was made in the decreed magazine of the Spice Gils. She also received a request from Profile Books in London to write up the experiences and all that prompted to ad vance on the hood path of mathematics.The budding young mathematicians book had the firs print order of 35,000 copies, the marketing budget of $ 65,000 and an eight-city author-tour.About the contents of the book, Sarah often sweetly apologizes for going complicated into subdue surmise before explaining matrices, she writes, I promise that from then on there will be no more explicit mathematics, only(prenominal) light explanations of mathematical ideas.The hard-core mathematics in the book is cut back to two chapters. For those who wish to learn more, there are appendices. Her main project is about how the most famous current encoding system works, and in the meantime, she had invented one of her own. She takes extensive pains to explain both the systems and goes deep into the number possibleness along the route.With the winning of the prize, fame and the monetary gains consequential to the fame arrived like an avalanche. Pepsi wanted her to concede that the mathematics brain and that of the family was due to lavish consumption of Pepsi, but the offer of contract was promptly turned down. A good mathematical calculation viewed from the pieceitarian angle they were advised perhaps of the harmful effects of such addictive drinks on the health of the younger generationI have no doubt that I am not a genius, said the prize winner of the 1999 European Contest for Young Scientists. Bu who would believe her and at the same time remain without deeply appreciating her modesty She was the media sensation within days after getting the prestigious award. She was about to be hailed as an instant celebrity, for the public key to cryptography, the method utilize to transmit secure data over the Internet, but destiny played its part.When everyone in the knowledgeable circles suasion that her encryption algorithm is worth the millions, a security hole was discovered. Nevertheless she had done a great job. Now she met her father on equal terms, a mathematician talkin g to another senor mathematician.There is an provoke interaction betwixt the father-daughter mathematical duos. To be taught lessons from her father in the drawing room of the house was one thing. To be part of his lecture fraternity, and listen to his mathematical revelations in an organized way sitting as one among the auditory sense was altogether a different experience. The previous day, he had a real, purposeful conversation with Sarah. Her father said, Now that you have decided to do transition year, I must do some math with you. He continued, Id like to show you how some beautiful but reasonably simple-minded mathematics is applied, stuff that you wouldnt commonly come across in school.She could not understand the immediate intentions of her father. She thought he was inviting her to the kitchen blackboard, as she was aware of his enthusiastic ways how he got inspired at the most unsuspected moment and wished to unleash his mathematical knowledge on her, whether she was mentally prepared for it or not.Perhaps, at that moment she was not ready to receive the tough lessons of mathematics. She replied, Dad, whatever you do, do something structured That set him thinking, as to the proper, most effective and appropriate way to teach and take her to the world of mathematics. He remembered his past. The debt he owed to the one who taught him mathematics. How the torch of mathematical knowledge was passed on to his hand.It now depended, what he would do, with what his teacher did for him, and from where he left. He strongly felt that he must conveyance of title the knowledge to some one else who richly deserved it. Who else could be that individual except his own daughter, in whom he must have noticed the latent mathematical genius?He told his daughter, Of course, only if you are genuinely interested-I wouldnt force it on you. She was genuinely interested. The evening lecture by her father proved to be the foundation stone for the grand mathematical edif ice that she was going to build.Sarah was now part of the class of dear students studying mathematics. The evening classes from seven ten, with the student strength of 8, continued for twenty five nights. The daughter was the youngest student, just 15 years and six months, but a couple of other students too were young.There were adults who came from various backgrounds. computing device scientists, a secondary school mathematics teacher, a chemistry graduate working for a checkup laboratory. They were the ones who loved mathematics, and who regretted their inaction in not engage the mathematics study, when young. It was a class that had its own specialties.The cause of study was great, not the career out of the study. No credits were given. It was not part of any major. No home work or study was demanded. It was David Flannerys way of getting back into math with no holds barred approach. You wee promote to come up with your most silly questions. He loved and apprehended those w ho made fools of themselves, as according to him, only those will learn and had the chance of success.These assurances, coming from a reputed Professor, were greatly appreciated by the students. They looked forward to the classes with expectancy and with hope that they will be exposed to something kindle about the mathematics in the next session.Sarah though had peculiar problem that the teacher was her father, she was able to mentally carriage out the issue. Her dedication and the serious approach when she meant study, paved the way or her progress.From the teachers perspective, what one teaches is important. But how one teaches, what one teaches is more important. Towards this end David Flannery filled the bill admirably. He was the one who enjoyed his teachings and encouraged his students to learn in style.No time-bound hard tasks were expected from the students. Each one was encouraged to estimate ones level of understanding, and progress accordingly. He was able to handle an atmosphere of affection at home and in his classes.The brain teasing puzzles enticed the students to know more and more, and the hours spent by the students in the association of David Flannery, proved extremely fructifying. His company kindled their curiosity further. They aegirly awaited his next class and firmly believed that something more interesting would be in store for them.The class was not all fun as was made out initially by David Flannel. That was his style of making the students interested in the subject. Soon, the intensive part of his chartered broadcast for the students began and his forays were in the elementary number supposition, with cryptography as the final destination.He would the take the students entirely to different horizons of mathematics, interesting sights that were rich in content, may not be of use for the immediate application.When David Flannery was a student, the application of the number theory were so few (industrial and internet revolutions had not taken off), and yet the number theory was of indigenous importance to the mathematicians, its study was considered pure. By the end of 1970s, the situation had drastically changed.The various technicalities involved in the message system and their readings gave a shot in the arm for cryptography. It became a much sought after subject and millions of dollars were invested into the development of this subject. The demand for expertise in this area became tremendous.The book is a treat to read for the simple reason that it is a great human story as well, a success story, a caution and pubic relation story etc. The way she prepared for the competitions would set the standard for any tike who wishes to be an achiever.What a careful and great teacher her father was The concepts of teaching itself have undergone metamorphic changes, and mathematics is no exception. The style of teaching has become more student-friendly.As for Sarah, her mathematician father was her great career- asset. But her mother also continuously encouraged her by telling interesting anecdotes about the subject. Mathematics is the queen of the sciences and number theory is the queen of mathematics. Such sweet nothings said about the subject during formative years of a young girl had great positive meeting on her.Her Mom said Mathematics and the number theory was like the Sleeping Beauty Fairly Tale, and Sarah Flannery writes, I thought about those who had toiled away through the centuries at unraveling the mysteries of this subject, motivated by nothing more than a passionate desire to know. They could have hardly dreamt of the applications that some of their results would one day find.I wondered what it was they had discovered, and what they would think if they could see how some of these discoveries are now being used. I was eager to learn the subject and surmise for myself whether they would be surprised or not.But everything about the number theory is not all that sweet. It is a d eceptive theory. When you think that you are on the verge of success, you are shortly knocked out by a lethal punch. The simple questions that you will ask your Professor may look so simple to you. The same questions were asked by many brilliant students in the past. The answers to such questions have not been found until this day, and the most intelligent ones are raking their brains to find out the solutions.But the toughest obstacle lay in wait for Sarah. The sharp attacks on the Cayley-Purser algorithm arrived with Michael Purse alerts, making her mathematical advancement difficult. Sarah was on the defensive she made efforts to repair the algorithm, but could not succeed. She stated that it is not salvageable as a workable encryption system.The theoretical interest stood in her favor through this testing time. She included a postscript explanation on the successful attack. It brought her further success when she was conferred the title of European Young Scientist of the Year for 1999. They say, When the going gets tough, the tough gets goingIt is very easy to say that Sarah climbed the stage to receive the award. But behind this glorious moment in the life of this sports-loving teenager from Blarney in Country Cork, Ireland, lay the extraordinary talent and coordinated efforts of relentless research and discoveries in Internet cryptography.At the age of sixteen to get the international recognition and to be hailed as brilliant by the London Times, is no ordinary achievement. Newspapers and periodicals hailed it as a wonderfully pitiful story about the thrill of the mathematical chase (Nature) and a paean to quick-witted adventure (Times educational Supplement).The dinner-time conversation with her father led her to the hall of fame. Her burning curiosity, the inner joy of persistence paid off handsomely. What is the meaning of the wise saying, Have a will to grow and grow you willask Sarah David Flannery lectures on mathematics at Irelands Cork Instit ute of Technology. Sarah Flannery is now a student at Cambridge University.Some shortcomings of the book.To say that it is the combination of a set of two books, would not be a far-fetched criticism on the book. Two narrative segments of the book, at the beginning and the end, do not serve the actual cause for which the book stands for. The 150 pages, though there is no doubting the merit of the contents, it is right thing at the wrong place. It makes the tough and prolonged reading, and causes obstruction in understanding the life of Sarah in a systematic, chronological order.The book goes on an aim-less wandering, and it defeats the structure of the book. But those who do not like mathematics intensely, for those who are not the serious students of the subject, these 150 pages are a good read However, this can not be considered as the serious lapse of the book, but the professional critics of this literature, would not like to miss this point, as a matter of their duty.The mathema tical exposition part of it is flawless in contents and style. The beginning holds the interest of the common reader as well. The elementary examination of the prime numbers is detailed. The idea of primality about Mersenne primes, the Sieve of Eratosthenes and also primalaity testing are the important topics.Then is the chapter on Modular arithmetic, Fermats Little Theorem, and pseudo primes. For complete understanding of the RSA algorithm, the last two of these three mathematical chapters are necessary. But they can be avoided by those who are desirous of the elementary feel for public-key cryptography.The author has no problem with the English language, the exposition and style of writing is lucid. In fine, Sarah has given a very interesting book. The theme of the book and the authors attitude towards the theme of mathematics, both evoke and sustain curiosity. The book deserves an outstanding position not only for the awards that it brought to Sarah, but also for the real contrib ution it made to the cause of mathematics, for all time to come.There is something uniqueness about the book. Some more noteworthy books should be expected from Sarahs pen. The author has dealt with the topic in an excellent manner and the contents of the book gain stature, without losing its ground and reality. The book is the creation of the child, with fathers blessings. What more is required for the child and what does a father expect from the child? Both see the fulfillment of their respective mathematical missions through this book.When a child gives the account of her experiences that ultimately led her to great heights of success, the readers interest is all the more, for the simple reason that every parent wishes to visualize and aspires for the success of their children.From the point of view of human psychological science and management principles that lead to success, this book is the torchbearer. Her thoughts are playful, yet never missing the mathematical purpose of t he book.The number of high school students who enjoy mathematics is not very high and many do the subject, as they have to do as it is the unavoidable subject up to a certain level. But an introduction and interaction with this book should change their perspective.Many may not be lucky enough get a mathematics genius Professor-father. In the case of Sarah, her pastime of solving the mathematical puzzles with her father paid her rich dividends. It started as a game and slowly turned into a thrill of the mathematical chase. Nothing succeeds like success and one good thing in her life, led to the other.A great lesson for the psychologists and sociologists who study the parental impact on the life and future of children But for the encouragement and influence of her mathematician father, Sarah would have been yet another university student, pursuing the syllabus-oriented degrees for a routine career.ConclusionGod made the natural numbers, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 0 and what all complicatio ns the human being has created under the subject-banner mathematics But for becoming the mathematician, Sarah would have been a storyteller.The art comes naturally to her. She has dealt with a highly intellectual subject, without any pretensions, without the sense of overbearing. At times, the writing takes the serious turn, but that is what the subject matter is. Her childlike descriptions maintain the essential dignity. If she tries her hand at other subjects of writing, we may be in for surprises.Thats what her imagination, wit and charm throughout the book reveal. In Code, has the makings of a very good novel and her pen holds out great promises for even better works. It is a twice-blessed book. Primarily it is a book on mathematics, and more importantly it is an interesting book of human endeavor, the human spirit, the book on positive qualities like grit and determination. a few(prenominal) children are lucky to have such great upbringing.The black board in the kitchen truly speaks about the studious family. She and her four brothers made it the perfect class at home, and mostly issues related to mathematics were discussed at the dining table. At lunch, the distraction would be not be like the television set in the modern drawing room, but the attractions were puzzles appearing on the blackboard days after day, without intermission. David Flannery had a clear purpose about the puzzles.They encouraged the children into enjoying abstract reasoning. But do no imagine, Sarah liked all these intensely. She was not a book worm. She liked to ride horses, played hurling and basketball, did boating and liked other dauntless team sports.She carried that adventurous spirit to her mathematics research as well.So to say, Sarah was a philanthropist mathematician and did not possess any motivated desires about her accomplishments. Mathematical community offered the talented Sarah all co-operations. Experts in the field of cryptanalysis were eager to help her.Initia l reactions to her code system, was that it was patentable and she had the possibilities of becoming the millionaire. The exchange of vital information with other mathematicians could have dishonored her interest for financial gains. Yet, she shared the information bearing in mind the overall interest of mathematics.She was only 17, when she was a guest speaker at an IBM leadership conference for women. Sarah was also given an invitation to attend the Nobel lucre ceremonies in Stockholm. To write an interesting readable book on mathematics, normally considered a dry and brain-racking subject is no mean achievement. She has set the trend for the budding young scientists, and great scholars in any subject need not be men and women with silver hair.The book provides to all concerned, the parents, the teachers and above all the flammable younger generation, who wish to achieve something in life, but do not know the correct procedures and step to achieve very valuable information. Sa rah provides good solutions to ones ambitions and the way to achieve them.This makes the book even greater, than her contribution to cryptography. Bertrand Russell once talked about the silent beauty of mathematics. Sarah has demonstrated how the skills of the mathematician and the skills of the fiction & fantasy writer can be clubbed together to create an outstanding contribution to the world of literature. Here is the combination of great human experience mixed with intellectual stuff. It is very easy to record and offer her congratulations for all that she achieved at the young age of 16.But think of the hard work she did, the relentless pressure she was able to endure at such a young age, and all this she did at the same time enjoying and pursuing her hobbies. So, if you have young children, and do not have many ideas as to how to inspire them, give this book to themit would be more appropriate if the parents read and discuss the contents of this book for their benefit. The resu lts are bound to be far get as for their future. The contents of the book have the lessons in moral counseling as well.The application of cryptography has caught up fast with the internet revolution. Many of the big companies are willing to sponsor researches and Sarah is eminently suitable to take advantage of this situation. Her achievements have changed her perspective of life. The career opportunities that arrive at her doors are perhaps too much for her to handle. She has traveled to important destinations all over the world, met cryptography figureheads like Ronald Rivest and Whitfield Diffey. But the best is yet to come, and Sarah Flannery knows it well. References CitedIn Code A Mathematical Journey (Paperback)by Sarah Flannery (Author), David Flannery (AuthorPaperback 352 pagesPublisher Algonquin Books (December 30, 2002)Language EnglishISBN-10 1565123778ISBN-13 978-1565123779PlanetMath Sarah Flanneryplanetmath.org/encyclopedia/SarahFlannery.html 19k Cached, Retrieved on January29,2008

A Comparison of newspaper articles- four editorials Essay

Newspapers have long been a mean of dialogue amongst the superior general public and the world. They usu completelyy state facts and touch sensations ab forth an important event that has taken hind end in the world, which would be of interest. This news show can range from political views to showbiz to world affairs. One thing that we do non do when we read a publisher is to cogitate for one second that what we argon breeding is that exactly how it happened. Newspapers are used as a medium for propaganda.Propaganda is used frequently in habitual life to manipulate out thoughts and despite what the majority of us think it does affect our opinions. Its a proven fact that newspapers are much propaganda than facts as the news are twisted around to book the journalists own political views. So in a instruction all news that we read is not as we interpret it to be because journalists would only(prenominal) write what they feel is right and all of us have different opinions.T here are two main types of newspapers, Broadsheets deal The Guardian and Tabloids like The Mirror. Tabloids are the most popular type of paper they are often smaller in size, more(prenominal) than(prenominal) colourful and use stimulating images to target a certain age range such as teenagers. They use bare(a) words so they are the most widely read newspapers in the world. On the some other hand Broadsheets are generally larger in size, more serious and less colourful. They are mostly concerned with current affairs, political issues and large number opinions about the government.They are targeted for a specific audience, which king be people who are involved in the fields of employment that are mentioned in the newspaper, or it could just be ordinary people. This essay will explore different types of newspapers and their effects on the general public. I will be doing this by comparing four newspaper towers from The Sun Daily whizz The Guardian and The socialist worker. All four editorials report on the same thing, which is a fight between Nigel Benn and Gerald McClellan where at the end McClellan was left on a life support machine.I will be looking if the editorials are bias and are they for or against Boxing being banned in the UK and how impelling their techniques are. In the starting time editorial by The Sun No one is forced to fight is a tabloid, the headline is very big and bold as is for the second editorial by The Daily principal sum, which is also a tabloid, called They knew the trys. It catches the readers attention straight out even at a glance. The first editorial by the Sun has two verbs in its headline.The word No one is a pronoun that indicates/refers to people in general so by saying this the reader will be curious to find out as to what it stands for thus they will be enticed to read the name. The second denomination is similar to the first in the sense that the pro-noun They is quite general, in order to cause the to loo k at the article in more detail or stimulate interest. The third editorial by The Guardian One pummelling too umteen is a broadsheet and already you can spot the difference with the headline. It is not bold or italic it is just normal writing.The word Pummelling is not frequently used by the masses, which would most probably suppress a target audience. The fourth headline by The Socialist worker Boxing bosses count the coin is also a tabloid. Unlike the other articles it gives us a clearer picture of what the article is about because it is the only one that mentions the adverb Boxing The Sun, Daily Star, and the socialist worker, context are less detail, they have short simple facts about the fight and so therefore is aimed at a very broad audience.The first article starts of with a fact but the writer then goes on to express his own views and therefore it is principally opinions. For role model why should pugilism be banned when all those sports continue? and words such as b rutal and cruel are used to describe the event, which affects the readers emotions, making an incident where neckc jackpoth was involved come to their minds. On the other hand The Guardian newspaper provides a lot more detail with statics. For modeling Britains boxing rules have been tightened for over 300 years since the first bare knuckle fight was recorded.The Guardian has used longer sentence structure in comparison to the other newspapers, the words are generally long and more than three syllables long for example words such as neurological are used, which is quite typical of a broadsheet newspaper as it has so much facts and uses complex vocabulary that it is only served for the needs of intellectual people. All the other newspapers are tabloids so they have used short sentence structure and short words for example is article two the longest word is endeavour where as that would probably be the longest in a broadsheet.The linguistic structure of the sun/daily star and the c hoice of words are more dramatic and sensation than the Guardian, for example The Sun Ban boxing Its too dangerous fuck cause serious damage to the brain . The fear of injury or even death Of prey it is brutal and cruel Few of us would dare try it The Daily Star The fight was ferocious, brutal, blooming(a) The end was tragic . Plunge him to purgatory Everyone who watched this fight will never forget it The socialist worker is more concerned with human values than with Boxing itself.It is actually telling us how people have occasion over others and how they use and exploit them to such an extent that it leaves them paralysed. For example to them managers bloomers are little more than dogs but than it goes on to give the writers own thoughts but those in the ring are prepared to risk their lives because they see it as their only chance of achieving a better life. The first article does not embrace a balanced argument and is aslope, what it does is it start outs the reader th ink by using retheriotical questions.For example how many jockeys are seriously injured falling of horses? How many rugby players are paralysed with broken necks? Why should boxing be banned when all those sports continue? it lets you come to your own conclusion but then straight later that it says, You cannot nanny people, however tragic the consequences of their actions might be. Which then makes the reader completely lose track of what he was thinking and accept that what is written is true. This article is against Boxing being banned.The second article is clearly biased and in favour of boxing. If you take one glance at it you will notice that straight a room in bold it says, they are grown men free to make their own decision. This article does not let the reader have any thought it is constantly trying to stimulate the readers mind into accept that to box is not a crime. In its last sentence it seems like the author unavoidablenesss people to be involved in committing a cts of violence dont let the do-goodders diminish an heroic battle. The third article is by the Guardian and is also biased and as you would of expected it to be it has used a lot of statics and facts to persuade their audience that boxing should be banned. The fourth article appears biased that it inclines towards the master because it is only the winner that counts the cash. On the other hand one could say that the bosses are yearning for their boxers to win so that they can get the money. This article is more about how the society is run than boxing itself because it says boxing is a multi-million pound business but its not the only sport where you can make a million pound.This author wants the class-dive system changed as he clearly outlines it in his last sentences The true question is not whether boxing should be banned but whether we can rid of the system which creates it. advance to a conclusion I would say that the best newspaper which is more likely to make people thin k is The Socialist Worker as it would than be a need for one to understand the wideness of society and how our we exploit it. After that has been done, than, you could start thinking about different other issues.My own opinion is that boxing should not be banned even after knowing the tragic consequences. I think that if you were to ban boxing there would a lot of unrest and protests so therefore the best way of preventing that is to allow boxing. If people are sane they will know the consequences of boxing and yet if they still want to continue we cannot stop them they have free will but they were warned. So if you allow boxing this way the decision is theirs (boxers) not anyone elses and only they can be blamed for their actions.

Importance of Performance Appraisal

A major challenge for every business owner or manager is to have employees who are passionate intimately what they do and constantly strives to perform at their best. Many managers take the integrated approach known as exercise Management, to manage the writ of execution, consisting of setting goals, training employees and then appraising and rewarding them (hrm). It suffer be explained as a process that consolidates goal setting, act appraisal and development into single, common system, the aim of which is to ensure that the employees performance is supporting the strategical aims. (hrm book 315)..A performance trouble system would be wholly effective when the employees in Mambo are go close their duties and job standards and the organisational goals so that they work with their full effectiveness to meet organizational objectives. Mambo should develop a well planned performance management system as it will provide information on taking decision about the promotion and salary of the new-fangled as well as currently employed staff members. Moreover it would provide the senior management (Brett and Simone) to review the employees work related behaviour and developing a plan for correcting any deficiencies both(prenominal) for manager and employee as well.During the implementation of the performance management system the shaping has to expressly digest wariness to fostering and improving the behavioral factors of performance management, in order to increase the chances of better result by the use of performance management system. A key element of feat Management System is Performance Appraisal as it identifies, evaluates and develops employee performance to meet employee and organizational goals Brett and Simone have to choose an appraisal method so that actual performance canful be measured as to what has been set in the organisation.Selecting one distract method from many is not easy as. It is The classification of appraisal methods helps m ake it more straightforward. If conducted properly appraisals can achieve a number of benefits for all parties. The organization, the manager and the appraisee can establish current levels of performance and benchmark across departments or functions identify ways of improving performance, individually and collectively set clear goals for the upcoming assess potential and desire for development establish the appropriate means of motivation and improve dialogue throughout.Mambo would be benefited in reviewing the performance of the employees by using the balance wag method as it is a measurement based management system that translates organizational vision and strategy into action. (hrm 321). Under the balanced scorecard system, financial measures are the outcome, but do not give a good indication of what is or will be going on in the organization.Measures of customer satisfaction, growth and retention is the current indication of companion performance, and internal operations( efficiency, speed, reducing non-value added work, minimizing quality problems) and human resource systems and development are leading indicators of company performance(hrm 321) A performance measurement system such as the Balanced Scorecard allows an agency to consecrate its strategic activities to the strategic plan. It permits often for the first time real deployment and implementation of the strategy on a continuous basis. ( balance score card, bsc,and performance management, David Chaudron, oct 2000 (www. articles911. com/Performance_Management/Balanced_Scorecard) By this approach Mambo can track and improve its strategic performance and results by developing, measuring, collecting and analyzing the data from both internal business processes and external business processes and can get feedback needed to guide the planning efforts. This method not only analyses how the organisation has been doing, but in like manner how well it is doing (current indicators) and can expect to do in the future (leading indicators).It provides a clear picture of reality. As their current strategy is to focus on the global competition they are about to face from the existing players of the market they need to integrate the performance appraisal into an ongoing culture of parley where regular feedback is part of a culture of success. Ultimately, goal of Brett and Simone, when conducting performance appraisals should be to impart a accredited appraisal of the employees performance (including behavior and attitude) from managements perspective. Employees typically are anxious at the prospect of receiving negative comments on their work, and managers may be uncomfortable offering that criticism. When done correctly, however, appraisals can be positive experiences that motivate staff members to reach their potential and achieve their professional goals. In addition to assessing prehistoric performance, appraisal meetings provide an ideal opportunity to look at future objectiv es. Encourage employees to stretch their abilities, except make sure goals are realistic.Performance evaluations allow employer to reinforce expectations and communicate with your staff one-on-one about their career objectives and simultaneously provides an overview to establish the standards of remunerating employees. An increasingly large number of corporations have explored how rewards, particularly money, could be tie in to desired behavior and/or performance outcomes to improve effectiveness. This has led to widespread and growing development of pay for-performance plans. Pay for performance refers to any compensation system that links pay and performance. A pay-for-performance system is only as successful as the performance management program on which it depends. There are dickens categories of pay meritoriousness pay and variable pay. The type of performance evaluation most often associated with merit pay plans are appraisals that focus on individual performance and typic ally use a faction of quantitative and qualitative performance elements thus Brett and Simone must use the concept of merit pay, which would link the individual performance with the mission of the organization. pay for Performance Your Performance Management Program Is the Foundation, jay Schust, april 2007 , http//www. work911. com/cgi-bin/links/jump. cgi? ID=773) However attracting, motivate and rewarding employees is about much more than wages and salaries. Mambo should establish a clear line of visual modality between business strategies and total reward philosophies so that an effective strategy can be hypothesise for attracting, motivating and retaining employees(hrm 373) Total rewards refer to monetary and non monetary rewards made up of salaries/wages and benefits an employee get for do a certain job.As the employees with high salary and incentives are less likely to quit the organisation and work with their full potential to reach organizational goal. (hrm 373), thus B rett and Simone should make an effective pay construction for the employees. They should offer bonus on top of the salaries to the employees, if they achieve the desired targets set by the company. This can be done during performance appraisal by balance score card approach as it measures the performance of employees in terms of strategic improvement of the organisation.Title The effect of performance management on the organizational results of a bank Author(s) Andre A. de Waal, Vincent Coevert Journal International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management ISSN 1741-0401 Year 2007 tawdriness 56 production 5/6 Page 397 416 DOI 10. 1108/17410400710757114 Publisher Emerald Group Publishing modified title Performance appraisal across organizational life cycles. Chen, Hai-Ming1 Kuo, Tung-Sheng Human Systems Management 2004, Vol. 23 Issue 4, p227-233, 7p sorce Time to Reappraise Performance Appraisals. Find More Like ThisReceivables Report for Americas Health Care financia l Managers Jun2007, Vol. 22 Issue 6, p10-11, 2p By Lauren Stiller Rikleen .( balance score card, bsc,and performance management, David Chaudron, oct 2000 (www. articles911. com/Performance_Management/Balanced_Scorecard Developing Effective Performance Reviews. By Max Messme, business source complete, .( Getting the most from appraisals from both sides of the desk. Find More Like This Yemm, Graham1 get-go Management Services Management Services, Spring2005, Vol. 49 Issue 1, p36-37, 2p, 2c )

Prohibition

effect 10 Was inhibition a failure? In 1919, the Volstead turn of events come forth virtueed inebriantic beverages with an alcoholic con hug drugt over 0. 5 share. This topic is debated in the book, Taking Sides there are two opposing sides to the question, was obstruction a failure? David E. Kyvig argues that the Volstead act did non specifically prohibit the use or aspiration of alcohol beverages and that liquor was still being provided by gangland bootleggers to provide alcohol to the demands of the consumers.Regardless(prenominal) of the efforts to enforce the police force the federal official government failed to create an acceptable institutional network that insured the obedience of the bulk. Even though the consumption of alcohol did drop significantly during the 1920s, the legislation failed to eliminate drinkable. On the different hand, J. C. Burnham argues that the enforcement of the prohibition laws were effective in certain areas. The enactment of the pr ohibition laws led to several positive social significances.For example, during the 1920s, there were fewer lot arrested for public drunkenness and fewer people being treated for alcohol related diseases. He concludes that the prohibition was more of a success than a failure. Prohibition led to the first and the only time an Amendment of joined States Constitution was repealed more than once. Personally, I think that the Volstead Act of 1919 was a failure and the prohibition laws gave rise to speakeasies and unionized crime. David E. Kyvig states that the prohibition was a failure.When the Volstead Act was passed non every American felt obligated to stop drinking alcohol. The consumers were being supplied at first in small amounts but as time progressed they were being supplied in excess amounts of alcoholic beverages. The Volstead Act banned manufacturing of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes but it did non state that they could non transport, sale, import, or export in toxicating liquors, thus making it legal to purchase or use and it was not a crime to do so. It allowed people to continue to possess intoxicant beverages prior to prohibition.The act outlawed all beverages with alcoholic contents over the set amount of 0. 5 percent. People in umpteen different parts of the United States voluntarily obeyed the ordinal Amendment citizens elsewhere deliberately chose to ignore it. These kinds of violations seemed to significantly arrive in small towns as intimately as large cities. National prohibition quickly gained an image, not as a law which significantly reduced the use of alcoholic beverages, but relatively as a law that was broadly disobeyed by many an(prenominal).As alcohol became more in demand it created an opportunity for bootleggers to make water money off of supplying to the demands made by the people. Crime rates escalated greatly as well as violent outbreaks between those competing for territory. In the 1920s the prisons contained a little over 5,000 inmates, after ten years the number of inmates in prisons contained over 12,000, more than 4,000 of those inmates were incarcerated for liquor violations. The court systems were so overwhelmed by the study prohibition and were overworked with all the trials they had.Prohibition may have reduced the consumption of alcohol in the United States, the law fell substantially short of all expectations it had. J. C. Burnham counter argues that Prohibition was quite effective in many places. He goes on to say that prohibition began well before 1920, in addition to the local astray spread of the local prohibition laws, federal laws greatly restricted the production and sale of alcoholic beverages for the most part in the beginning in 1917.Manufactures of distilled spirits beverages as an example, had been forbidden for more than three months when the congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment. The Eighteenth Amendment was created to prohibit the manufacturing, selling, i mporting, or transporting of intoxicating liquors. It was designed to kill all the liquor businesses and the saloons in particular. The Amendment did not prohibit people from possessing or drinking alcohol. Burnham reinforces his position by stating that the prohibition had a positive meet on society.The prohibition cased a decrease of arrests for public drunkenness, fewer hospitalizations for alcoholism and less incidences of other alcohol related disease, like cirrhosis of the liver from 1918 to 1920-1922. The most substantial evidence that prohibition did not fail was in the psychical hospital admission rates. People who had to deal with alcohol related mental diseases were impressed with the recent reviewing of New York state hospitals mental hospital admissions rate was only 1. 9 percent for 1920. With the topic question, Was prohibition a failure? David E.Kyvig made a clear, well defined and easy to construe argument compared to J. C. Burnham. Burnhams argument was difficul t to understand where he stood in his argument. He would say a few reasons how prohibition failed in on aspect but then he would give on reason why it did not. It was hard to keep track when he was defending the side he was on. Kyvig, on the other hand made it very clear how prohibition failed in certain aspects and he explained on the nose how it failed. He gave specific reasons as to why people would ignore and break the law to get their alcohol.He explains the prohibit effects the prohibition had on society. How prohibition created an opportunity for bootleggers to make money by supply what the people were demanding. He clarifies how crime rates went up as well as how violence broke out due to bootleggers fighting for territory. David E. Kyvig gave a more in depth explanation than J. C. Burnham he was able to acquit his claims and had provided clear and precise answers. He gave you statistics to prove what he was stating. With all the evidence that he was able chip in he pers uaded me into believing that in reality prohibition did fail.The question is, was prohibition a failure? I must agree with Kyvig, prohibition did in fact fail in many ways. The prohibition law was not favored by many people and that was proven by the juicy crime rates, the high amount of court hearings relating to violations of the prohibition law, and the failure of Congress to provide enough enforcement. Even when the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act were passed people never stopped drinking. Physicians were able to legally prescribe alcohol to their patients, 57,000 pharmacists obtained licenses to dispense liquor.As the law enforcements began cleft down on the consumption of alchol it opened a door for bootleggers to come into business and make money off of those who demanded alcohol. Bootleggers like Al Capone became very successful in his dispensing of alcohol. He says that prohibition was just a business to him and he supplied what was being demanded. Violence beca me evident as more bootleggers began compete with other groups for territory. As these fights over territories became more and more prominent, many people were being killed due to the rival gangs. However I do believe that there were some ood out comes from prohibition. There were fewer drunkards out in public, less alcohol incidents and hospitalization due to alcoholism. I think the prohibition laws could have worked if there werent so many loop holes for people to get away with things. So all in all, both sides of this topic had very good, valid point. David E. Kyvig proves that the prohibition law failed. He does acknowledge that the consumption rate of alcohol has decreased but that it was inevitable to stop everyone from drinking alcohol ever. So really this was a noble experiment but evidently failed.

Agriculture and Desertification Essay

The macrocosms modifylands, contrary to popular misconceptions of being barren unproductive land, contain some of the most(prenominal) expensive and vital ecosystems on the planet. These dryland environments have surprising diversity and resiliency, emboldening oer two cardinal mess, round thirty-five percent of the global population (UNEP, 2003). In fact, approximately seventy percent of Africans depend in a flash on drylands for their daily livelihood (UNEP, 2003). However, these precious and crucial subject areas are at a crossroad, endangered and imperil by the devastating process of desertification.There are oer virtuoso hundred definitions for the term ? desertification, stock-still the most widely used and current definition is as follows desertification refers to the land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions due to human activities and climate variations, oft leading to the permanent loss of alter productiveness and the press cutting out of the vegetative coer (UNCCD, 2003). It is important to note that desertification is not the expansion and contraction of deserts or hyper-arid territories, which grow and decrease both(prenominal) indispensablely and cyclically.French ecologist Louis Lavauden first used the term desertification in 1927 and French botanist Andre Aubreville, when witnessing the land degradation occurring in North and West Africa in 1949 popularized this term (Dregne, 242). The causes of desertification include overgrazing, overcultivation, deforestation and worthless irrigation practices. Climatic variations, such as changes in wind speed, precipitation and temperature can influence or gain desertification rates, tho they are not catalysts to the process- it is the exploitive actions of humans that trigger desertification (Glantz, 146).The most exploited area historically has been Africa. In the Sahel (transition zone between the Sahara and the Savanna) of West Africa during the period of 1968 t o 1973, desertification was a main cause of the deaths of over 100,000 people and 12 million cattle, as well as the disruption of social organizations from villages to the national train (USGS, 1997). As a result of the catastrophic devastation in the Sahel, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) was held in Nairobi, Kenya in 1977, where an agreement was reached to eradicate desertification by the year 2000.Obviously this goal was not achieved. Countries and organizations, notably in the industrialized humanityly concern, have been unwilling to provide significant and sufficient financial and economic aid to countries most wedge by this issue (Mainguet, 2003). Consequently, desertification is out of control, threatening the sustainability of the worlds environment, disrupting social structures and well-being, and impairing economic growth. This crisis reaches beyond the local, directly modify communities, impacting and jeopardizing world stability.Envi ron rationally, desertification reduces the worlds fresh urine reserves due to water add up system over consumption and irrigation mismanagement, decreases hereditary diversity through soil erosion and plant destruction, and also accelerates the carbon re-sentencing process by damaging carbon ? sinks. Socially, desertification causes population displacement as people search for mend living conditions, often leading to conflicts and wars. Another social issue is a dramatic reduction in the worlds fodder supply due to the depletion of vital dryland vegetation and a lower in crop yields.Desertification is also linked to a number of wellness issues such as malnutrition, as gaudy water and sufficient food resources are extremely scarce. Economically, income potential is lost because land is unproductive, and financial property are devoted towards combating desertification, compromising economic growth and development. Crisis management becomes much important than achieving e conomic goals. Furthermore, increase levels of pauperisation have resulted due to dire economic conditions.The international body must devote more time, resources and energy to find effective and long-term solutions that will benefit not only directly- affected areas, but the world at large. The devastating environmental, social and economic ramifications of desertification must be addressed immediately, cooperatively and without hesitation, before the windowpane of opportunity is lost. Desertification has created and encouraged a number of major environmental problems, and has endangered the sustainability of a diverse and unfermented global environment.Through the use of poor irrigation practices and exploitative human actions for profit, water has been over consumed and desertification has occurred near areas ring fresh water supplies, reducing or depleting these reserves. In the desertification process, the shorelines and the aquatic land and soil becomes eroded, salinized an d libertine. Thus, feeder rivers decline in quantity and supply, river flow rates decrease and ultimately freshwater reserves are polluted and/or reduced. The reduction of river flow rates andthe lowering of groundwater levels leads to the silting up of estuaries, the encroachment of salt water into water tables, and the pollution of water by suspended lay outicles and salination (FAO, 2003). These problems are particularly limpid in the Aral Sea in Asia, which at one point was the fourth largest lake in the world (Aral Sea Homepage, 2002). During the Soviet era in the 1960s and 1970s, the communist central planners had little regard for water conservation, and over consumed this resource.In order to fall upon the demand for agricultural irrigation the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) diverted water from rivers that flowed into the Aral Sea (Pacific Island Travel Desertification, 1999). These exploitative actions dropped water levels by one-third because feeder rivers could no longer replenish the large lake, as illustrated in Appendix 1 (Pacific Island Travel Desertification, 1999). Not only has the shorelines of the Aral Sea declined, but Lake Chad in Africa has followed a uniform fate.Desertification in the Lake Chad region has dropped water levels far below the average dry season amount of 10,000 upstanding kilometers to only 839 square kilometers (Earth Crash Earth Spirit, 2001). The reduction of water levels in Lake Chad and the Aral Sea decreases their ability to discipline the local climate, resulting in more extreme variations in temperature and precipitation. Therefore, local ecosystems are disrupted and even destroyed, as the climate becomes more continental in nature, and vital water supplies are scarce or depleted.Desertification reduces the biodiversity and genetic diversity of dryland ecosystems, impairing the sustainability of plants, animals and even humans in these regions. As a consequence of desertification, the soil of ar id, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas becomes eroded, resulting in unproductive and literally useless land. This disrupts the habitats and food sources for many organisms, making sustainable life in these areas real difficult (FAO, 2003). Furthermore, because of freshwater and food scarcity, the life expectancy and actual existence for many species is exist.This grave consequence was evident in the western African country of Mauritania, where the desertification process, from 1970 to 1980, killed approximately 15,000 people and over 500,000 various plants and animals were eradicated (CIESIN, 2003). Unfortunately, as the severity of desertification escalates in countries akin Mauritania, it becomes extremely difficult to maintain biologically diverse ecosystems needed to support the lives of plants, animals and humans.Through the ecological destruction and imbalance caused by desertification, the carbon exchange process is accelerated. Dryland vegetation and soil are crucial stora ge devices for carbon, and contain practically half the centre quantity of carbon (FAO, 2003). at a time these elements thin out or become unproductive due to desertification, carbon is released into the atmosphere. It is estimated that for every hectare of dryland vegetation or soil that is depleted or unusable, 30 tonnes of carbon is no longer stored and is released into the atmosphere (FAO, 2003).This elevation of atmospherical carbon contributes to the greenhouse effect and global warming. Desertification also has major social consequences, disrupting the social fabric and bar of living for many traditional and Native peoples. On a global level, it threatens the stability and health of a development population. In the desertification process land is degraded, making it extremely difficult to maintain a prosperous career and livelihood. Consequently, individuals are forced to relocate to areas with more livable conditions and stronger economic opportunities.This population di splacement is evident in the migration of Mexicans to the United States Some 70 percent of all land in Mexico is vulnerable to desertification, one reason why some 900,000 Mexicans leave habitation each year in search of a better life as migrant workers in the United States (Environment News Service, 2003). However, in the developing countries of Africa and Asia, broken individuals have no option but to become refugees, abandoning their previous livelihoods and simply struggling for survival.United Nations secretarial assistant Kofi Annan stated that in sub-Saharan Africa, the number of environmental refugees refugees due to environmental issues like desertification is expected to opening to 25 million in the next 20 years. (Environment News Service, 2003). These refugee movements and population displacement have often caused political and social unrest, and even wars. As a result of desertification, countries appointment for control of the scarce innate resources, since pre vious deposits are depleted or unusable (UNCCD, 2003). The strong, overconfident coefficient of correlation between desertification and armed conflict is illustrated in Appendix 2.The population displacement, refugee movements and relationship to wars make desertification devastating to the social security of individuals in affected regions. Desertification has caused a crisis in the worlds food supply, creating concern over the sustainability of an increasing population. Dryland areas are home to some of the most important crops and genetic strains of cultivated plants which form the basis of the food and health of the worlds population (FAO, 2003). Some of these products include cereal crops, oil seeds, grain legumes and root crops.In drylands affected by desertification, land that was once agriculturally viable can no longer be used, as it is essentially a wasteland. Even if agriculture is feasible, the nutrient poor soil makes it extremely difficult to grow a large quantity o f a certain crop. This has crippled the food supply, at a time when its sustainability is already in question. According to the United Nations a nutritionally adequate diet for the worlds growing population implies tripling food production over the next 50 years under complimentary conditions.If desertification is not stopped and reversed, food yields in many affected areas will decline (UNCCD, 2003). Thus, desertification creates uncertainty as to the adequacy of the worlds food production, endangering the supportability of a growing population. There is a strong, positive correlation between desertification and serious health concerns and diseases. The increasing rate of desertified areas has created a crisis in the worlds food and water supplies.As a result, food and water are extremely scarce, and malnutrition, starvation and ultimately deficit will result from desertification (UNCCD, 2003). This has prompted concern and anxiety within the World Health Organization stating, we the WHO is becoming increasingly worried with the consequences of desertification, such as malnutrition and famine (WHO Denmark, 2003). Desertification is also indirectly linked to many severe epidemics, notably in Africa. The drying of water sources due to desertification forces people to use heavily polluted water, leading to disastrous health problems.According to the World Health Organization, desertification and droughts can increase water-related diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A and diarrhoeal diseases (WHO Denmark, 2003). young research and studies have also suggested that malaria incidences have escalated significantly in desertified areas. The strong, positive correlation between malaria and desertification is render in Appendix 3. Furthermore, soil erosion and land degradation has resulted in the creation of dust storms and poor air quality.This has had a very negative toll on human health and results in mental stress, eye infections, respiratory illnesses and allergies (UNCCD, 2003). Therefore, desertification is strongly associated with dust storms, poor air quality, malnutrition, famine, and epidemics, all of which are enormously high-risk to human health. In an attempt to combat and rehabilitate desertified land, precious economic funds are infallible and exhausted. Consequently, resources are drained, resulting in the weakening of local economies and the compromising of national development goals.As the desertification process continues, economic aid and money is spent on crisis management, not on growth and development. Due to the depletion of natural resources, desertification contributes to decreased income levels and productivity losses. This is specifically true in agricultural regions and severely stunts economic growth. The worldwide cost of desertification, expressed as income foregone amounts to approximately $11 billion for irrigated land, $8 billion for rainfed cropland, and $23 billion for rangeland, for a total c ost of $42 billion (CIESIN, 2003).This value may not seem astronomical for developed countries like Canada, Britain and the United States, but for nations in the developing world, these figures are devastating. According to an unpublished World Bank study, the depletion of natural resources ca apply income loss in one Sahelian country was equivalent to 20% of its Gross Domestic fruit (UNCCD, 2003). Desertification has thence crippled present earnings as well as income potential in the future, nuisance not only individuals but also entire economies.In an effort to improve future conditions, developing countries devote significant amounts of their limited monetary resources to combating and rehabilitating land affected by desertification, severely impeding their economic growth. Land rehabilitation costs are those incurred for stopping further degradation and to restore the land to something come near its original condition. Unfortunately, this requires a significant amount of in vestment that could have been used for economic development, as opposed to just repairing land.On a per hectare basis, it is estimated that a cost of $2,000 is needed to improve irrigated land, $400 for rainfed cropland, and $40 for rangeland (CIESIN, 2003). To people living in the developing world, these costs consume much, if not all of their incomes, obviously crippling their careers and livelihoods. Although thither is the potential to repair and rehabilitate almost all land affected by desertification only 52 per cent (1,860 million hectares) can pay back the cost of rehabilitation (CIESIN, 2003).Thus, many farmers and individuals reclaim land, but because of huge overriding costs, they actually lose money as productivity remains stagnant. Therefore, limited monetary funds are spent towards crisis management, sacrificing national development and economic growth. Desertification is directly linked to the mass destitution occurring in the developing world. Individuals consiste ntly endure an impoverished lifestyle because income potential is foregone, and resources are devoted towards rehabilitation, thusly scarce economic funds are depleted.United Nations Secretary Kofi Anna states Because the poor often farm degraded land, desertification is both a cause and consequence to poverty? Fighting desertification must be an integral part of our wider efforts to eradicate poverty (Environment News Service, 2003). If the desertification process continues to grow exponentially, mass poverty will also increase both in size and in severity. Thus, in order to address poverty, desertification must be contained and controlled. Currently, desertification affects over 250 million people and a third of the earths land surface (4 billion hectares) (UNCCD, 2003).In addition, the livelihoods of over one billion people in over 100 countries are indirectly threatened (UNCCD, 2003), as shown in the map in Appendix 4. It is estimated that in the next 50 years, another billion p eople will fall victim to the wrath of desertification and its related environmental, social, and economic ramifications (CIESIN, 2003). The depletion and contamination of fresh water sources, the reduction in biodiversity, and the acceleration of the carbon cycle make desertification devastating to the sustainability of the environment.Socially, desertification forces people to migrate which may eventually lead to wars or conflicts, creates a major catastrophe for the worlds food supply, and is scientifically correlated to major health concerns, even epidemics such as malaria. The economic status of developing countries impacted by the desertification process is jeopardized as high levels of income are foregone, and resources are devoted towards rehabilitation, not towards growth and development. Furthermore, poverty in African and Asian nations has grown exponentially due to this process, creating humanitarian and economic crises.The worlds future is at stake, and it is imperative that the global community acts now. Desertification is a preventable process, but requires a arrange approach involving effort from the local, national and global communities. Local and national governments must implement methods of soil and water conservation, and utilize traditional agricultural systems that support positive environmental strategies. The industrialized world must supply the economic and technological aid necessary for these conservation techniques (UNCCD, 2003). international Positioning System (GPS) satellite engineering is a modern technique that can be effectively used in combating desertification. GPS satellites can actually pinpoint and locate areas vulnerable or prone to desertification, acting as excellent early ideal signs. This allows governments to implement various techniques and policies to prevent damage done by desertification. As former United States chair Franklin D. Roosevelt stated in a letter to governors on February 26, 1937, a nation that destroys its soil, destroys itself (Dingle, 2003). The battle to combat desertification is a war that can be lost, but must be won.Now is the time to win the fight before this glimmer of hope disappears. Appendix 1 Time-Series Photos of the Aral Sea Source Aral Sea Homepage, 2002 These pictures were taken using LANDSAT TM satellite technology. The reddish shadow represents the vegetation around the Aral Sea. The northern part of the image is the shoreline of the sea. mark how in 1979 the shoreline is quite large, while in 1989 it is non-existent, illustrating the decreasing water levels. What is also striking is the white shade on the satellite photo from 1989. This represents an artificial saltpan, caused by desertification and desiccation.Appendix 2 World Map of fortify Conflicts and Desertification Source CIESIN, 2003 Most of the armed conflicts occurring from 1989-97 are in highly desertified areas. Thus, there is a strong positive correlation between desertification and arme d conflict. Appendix 3 Map of Desertification vulnerability and Malaria Risk in Africa For both maps, red represents the highest severity, followed by orange, yellow, green and lastly white. In desertified areas, much of the population is at risk of malaria, thus there is a strong, positive correlation between desertification and malaria.Appendix 4 World Map of Desertification Vulnerability Source CIESIN, 2003 Works Cited Aral Sea Homepage. Aral Sea Region Kyzylorda Oblast, Kazakhstan. 2002. . CIESIN Center for Earth Science Information Network. Global Desertification Dimensions and Costs. 29 July 2003. . DEWA Divisions of Warning and Assessment, United Nations. Desertification and Drought Identification. 2002. . Dingle, Carol, et al. Franklin D. Roosevelt Quotations. 2003. . Dregne, H. E. , et al. Desertification of Arid Lands. New York Harwood Academic Publishers, 1983.

The Long Walk of the Navajo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Long Walk of the Navajo - Essay ExampleThis was done by the regimen in reaction to the retaliation of the Navajos to the western people. They did not want to leave their ancestral places and consequently did not allow any foreigner to have a share in the territory. This made the government to remove the Indians from their ancestral land to watch that other people could live in that territory. However out front attain such a decision different treaties were also made by the government with Navajos to ensure peace in the area but such treaties did not last long when both the army and Navajos started having conflicts. The government ordered the Navajos to leave their homeland and agricultural properties and move over to the meet Sumner. In idealistic 1863 the first group of Navajos left for Fort Sumner which was 400 miles away from their homeland. While they had to walk barefoot to the fort they had to face many difficulties in their way such as the harsh weather. It took th em a total of 21 days to reach the Fort Sumner and while reaching the fort many of the Navajos died because of starvation. However after reaching the Fort also the Indians were not provided with any proper water or food treatment. The farmers were also not given favorable conditions in which they could grow crops for their livelihood.